If you compare the OAL of the average factory load in 38 Spec vs 357 Mag and 44 Spec vs 44 Mag, you will find no difference. Hence, with modern brass, no difference in powder room. The longer case is solely to prevent chambering in revolvers not meant to take the magnum pressures.
Of course this changes a little with hand loads where the OAL may vary. Both cartridges were originally developed for the N frame S&W which does not have an overly long cylinder, limiting their OAL. On the other hand the K frame was originally designed to take the 38 Special and the 32-20. The 32-20 is a longer cartridge. You can load 357 to a longer OAL in an S&W M19 than in an M27 or Colt.
Be sure to keep track of the OAL in order to have the correct powder room for the load. There are hot loads that depend on an OAL longer than standard to keep the pressure within limits.
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