I wonder if the 11 inch came from an input from the Kaiser?. In those days, whatever the Kaiser wanted, he got...............probably not the real reason.....

Just kidding.........
Lots of variables would be considered in your query. Powders all have their own burn rate. Fast powders like Bullseye are used in small capacity, short barreled pieces some. Slower powders like 2400, really take time to get up to steam sorta speak, hence the longer barrel usually. Not to say that 2400 could not be used in a 2 inch revolver, but the daisies in front would have some burn marks; if that matters at all.
We recently in the last decade or so have some new unique powders. Lower pressures, more speed in projectile stuff, mostly proprietary. I think Lil Gun was one of the first that I noticed, and was kinda funky in the beginning of its tenure, but seems to have mellowed out now.
bullet weight...........heavier......is slower usually. Lighter is faster, but has its own issues.
I suspect, an just a wild guess, that the max velocity with a slow powder, light bullet............would be in a rifle length barrel. There is always some powder that burns in the air. With a slow powder, short barrel, a lot of the flash is from powder burning in the air; rather than in the barrel.........remember burn time characteristic.
Now that everyone but me owns a chrony, an interested person could take a barrel to a action, then chop an inch off ever so often after recording info............kinda expensive even with take off barrels, and a heck of a bunch of work. Even then, only the specific details of the ammo, and barrel would be in play............might be different some next time or if you used different components.
So your query is not an easy one............just too many parameters not specified or if they were, still a lot of effort for anything close to meaningful in my eyes.
So few guns today in 30 Luger. Mostly with pistol length barrels, say 4, 6, maybe 8. I own a 14, but never put it on a chrony, most ranges will not allow them here........the chrony on shooting line.
I like the old 30 Luger and its wildcats, just fun stuff.
mm to inches................25.4 is your friend.