Yes - given everything else unchanged, the longer the barrel, the higher the muzzle velocity as long as powder continues burning while the bullet is in the barrel. Once it leaves the barrel, the interaction between bullet weight, bullet shape, speed (above or below the speed of sound), air, humidity, heat and barometric pressure all affects the flight of the bullet.
It's quite a science, and is science on steroids when you start to talk about large projectiles like the shells fired from naval guns and rockets.
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 Igitur si vis pacem, para bellum -
- Therefore if you want peace, prepare for war.
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