Edward - I'm not a gunsmith, but I would guess, no. It's not like shooting .22 shorts in a Long Rifle chamber. The .22 is a rim fire which headspaces on the rim, while the .45 is a rimless cartridge which headspaces on the entire case. A shorter cartridge (.45 ACP) would enter the firing chamber of the .45 M1906 too far as the headspace would be too long and would probably not allow the extractor to to grab on to the rim to pull it out as the gun recoils.
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